Publishing Java packages with Gradle

You can use Gradle to publish Java packages to a registry as part of your continuous integration (CI) workflow.

In this article

Introduction

This guide shows you how to create a workflow that publishes Java packages to GitHub Packages and the Maven Central Repository. With a single workflow, you can publish packages to a single repository or to multiple repositories.

Prerequisites

We recommend that you have a basic understanding of workflow files and configuration options. For more information, see "Writing workflows."

For more information about creating a CI workflow for your Java project with Gradle, see "Building and testing Java with Gradle."

You may also find it helpful to have a basic understanding of the following:

About package configuration

The groupId and artifactId fields in the MavenPublication section of the build.gradle file create a unique identifier for your package that registries use to link your package to a registry. This is similar to the groupId and artifactId fields of the Maven pom.xml file. For more information, see the "Maven Publish Plugin" in the Gradle documentation.

The build.gradle file also contains configuration for the distribution management repositories that Gradle will publish packages to. Each repository must have a name, a deployment URL, and credentials for authentication.

Publishing packages to the Maven Central Repository

Each time you create a new release, you can trigger a workflow to publish your package. The workflow in the example below runs when the release event triggers with type created. The workflow publishes the package to the Maven Central Repository if CI tests pass. For more information on the release event, see "Events that trigger workflows."

You can define a new Maven repository in the publishing block of your build.gradle file that points to your package repository. For example, if you were deploying to the Maven Central Repository through the OSSRH hosting project, your build.gradle could specify a repository with the name "OSSRH".

Groovy
plugins {
  ...
  id 'maven-publish'
}

publishing {
  ...

  repositories {
    maven {
      name = "OSSRH"
      url = "https://oss.sonatype.org/service/local/staging/deploy/maven2/"
      credentials {
        username = System.getenv("MAVEN_USERNAME")
        password = System.getenv("MAVEN_PASSWORD")
      }
    }
  }
}

With this configuration, you can create a workflow that publishes your package to the Maven Central Repository by running the gradle publish command. In the deploy step, you’ll need to set environment variables for the username and password or token that you use to authenticate to the Maven repository. For more information, see "Using secrets in GitHub Actions."

YAML

# This workflow uses actions that are not certified by GitHub.
# They are provided by a third-party and are governed by
# separate terms of service, privacy policy, and support
# documentation.

# GitHub recommends pinning actions to a commit SHA.
# To get a newer version, you will need to update the SHA.
# You can also reference a tag or branch, but the action may change without warning.

name: Publish package to the Maven Central Repository
on:
  release:
    types: [created]
jobs:
  publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up Java
        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          java-version: '11'
          distribution: 'temurin'

      - name: Setup Gradle
        uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@af1da67850ed9a4cedd57bfd976089dd991e2582 # v4.0.0

      - name: Publish package
        run: ./gradlew publish
        env:
          MAVEN_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.OSSRH_USERNAME }}
          MAVEN_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.OSSRH_TOKEN }}

This workflow performs the following steps:

  1. Checks out a copy of project's repository.

  2. Sets up the Java JDK.

  3. Sets up the Gradle environment. The gradle/actions/setup-gradle action takes care of caching state between workflow runs, and provides a detailed summary of all Gradle executions.

  4. Executes the Gradle publish task to publish to the OSSRH Maven repository. The MAVEN_USERNAME environment variable will be set with the contents of your OSSRH_USERNAME secret, and the MAVEN_PASSWORD environment variable will be set with the contents of your OSSRH_TOKEN secret.

    For more information about using secrets in your workflow, see "Using secrets in GitHub Actions."

Publishing packages to GitHub Packages

Each time you create a new release, you can trigger a workflow to publish your package. The workflow in the example below runs when the release event triggers with type created. The workflow publishes the package to GitHub Packages if CI tests pass. For more information on the release event, see "Events that trigger workflows."

You can define a new Maven repository in the publishing block of your build.gradle that points to GitHub Packages. In that repository configuration, you can also take advantage of environment variables set in your CI workflow run. You can use the GITHUB_ACTOR environment variable as a username, and you can set the GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable with your GITHUB_TOKEN secret.

The GITHUB_TOKEN secret is set to an access token for the repository each time a job in a workflow begins. You should set the permissions for this access token in the workflow file to grant read access for the contents permission and write access for the packages permission. For more information, see "Automatic token authentication."

For example, if your organization is named "octocat" and your repository is named "hello-world", then the GitHub Packages configuration in build.gradle would look similar to the below example.

Groovy
plugins {
  ...
  id 'maven-publish'
}

publishing {
  ...

  repositories {
    maven {
      name = "GitHubPackages"
      url = "https://maven.pkg.github.com/octocat/hello-world"
      credentials {
        username = System.getenv("GITHUB_ACTOR")
        password = System.getenv("GITHUB_TOKEN")
      }
    }
  }
}

With this configuration, you can create a workflow that publishes your package to GitHub Packages by running the gradle publish command.

YAML

# This workflow uses actions that are not certified by GitHub.
# They are provided by a third-party and are governed by
# separate terms of service, privacy policy, and support
# documentation.

# GitHub recommends pinning actions to a commit SHA.
# To get a newer version, you will need to update the SHA.
# You can also reference a tag or branch, but the action may change without warning.

name: Publish package to GitHub Packages
on:
  release:
    types: [created]
jobs:
  publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      contents: read
      packages: write
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          java-version: '11'
          distribution: 'temurin'
      - name: Setup Gradle
        uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@af1da67850ed9a4cedd57bfd976089dd991e2582 # v4.0.0

      - name: Publish package
        run: ./gradlew publish
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

This workflow performs the following steps:

  1. Checks out a copy of project's repository.

  2. Sets up the Java JDK.

  3. Sets up the Gradle environment. The gradle/actions/setup-gradle action takes care of caching state between workflow runs, and provides a detailed summary of all Gradle executions.

  4. Executes the Gradle publish task to publish to GitHub Packages. The GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable will be set with the content of the GITHUB_TOKEN secret. The permissions key specifies the access that the GITHUB_TOKEN secret will allow.

    For more information about using secrets in your workflow, see "Using secrets in GitHub Actions."

Publishing packages to the Maven Central Repository and GitHub Packages

You can publish your packages to both the Maven Central Repository and GitHub Packages by configuring each in your build.gradle file.

Ensure your build.gradle file includes a repository for both your GitHub repository and your Maven Central Repository provider.

For example, if you deploy to the Central Repository through the OSSRH hosting project, you might want to specify it in a distribution management repository with the name set to OSSRH. If you deploy to GitHub Packages, you might want to specify it in a distribution management repository with the name set to GitHubPackages.

If your organization is named "octocat" and your repository is named "hello-world", then the configuration in build.gradle would look similar to the below example.

Groovy
plugins {
  ...
  id 'maven-publish'
}

publishing {
  ...

  repositories {
    maven {
      name = "OSSRH"
      url = "https://oss.sonatype.org/service/local/staging/deploy/maven2/"
      credentials {
        username = System.getenv("MAVEN_USERNAME")
        password = System.getenv("MAVEN_PASSWORD")
      }
    }
    maven {
      name = "GitHubPackages"
      url = "https://maven.pkg.github.com/octocat/hello-world"
      credentials {
        username = System.getenv("GITHUB_ACTOR")
        password = System.getenv("GITHUB_TOKEN")
      }
    }
  }
}

With this configuration, you can create a workflow that publishes your package to both the Maven Central Repository and GitHub Packages by running the gradle publish command.

YAML

# This workflow uses actions that are not certified by GitHub.
# They are provided by a third-party and are governed by
# separate terms of service, privacy policy, and support
# documentation.

# GitHub recommends pinning actions to a commit SHA.
# To get a newer version, you will need to update the SHA.
# You can also reference a tag or branch, but the action may change without warning.

name: Publish package to the Maven Central Repository and GitHub Packages
on:
  release:
    types: [created]
jobs:
  publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      contents: read
      packages: write
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up Java
        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          java-version: '11'
          distribution: 'temurin'
      - name: Setup Gradle
        uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@af1da67850ed9a4cedd57bfd976089dd991e2582 # v4.0.0

      - name: Publish package
        run: ./gradlew publish
        env: 
          MAVEN_USERNAME: ${{ secrets.OSSRH_USERNAME }}
          MAVEN_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.OSSRH_TOKEN }}
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

This workflow performs the following steps:

  1. Checks out a copy of project's repository.

  2. Sets up the Java JDK.

  3. Sets up the Gradle environment. The gradle/actions/setup-gradle action takes care of caching state between workflow runs, and provides a detailed summary of all Gradle executions.

  4. Executes the Gradle publish task to publish to the OSSRH Maven repository and GitHub Packages. The MAVEN_USERNAME environment variable will be set with the contents of your OSSRH_USERNAME secret, and the MAVEN_PASSWORD environment variable will be set with the contents of your OSSRH_TOKEN secret. The GITHUB_TOKEN environment variable will be set with the content of the GITHUB_TOKEN secret. The permissions key specifies the access that the GITHUB_TOKEN secret will allow.

    For more information about using secrets in your workflow, see "Using secrets in GitHub Actions."