These commands are very useful when interacting with a remote repository. clone
and fetch
download remote code from a repository's remote URL to your local computer, merge
is used to merge different people's work together with yours, and pull
is a combination of fetch
and merge
.
Cloning a repository
To grab a complete copy of another user's repository, use git clone
like this:
$ git clone https://hostname/USERNAME/REPOSITORY.git
# Clones a repository to your computer
You can choose from several different URLs when cloning a repository. While logged in to GitHub, these URLs are available below the repository details:
When you run git clone
, the following actions occur:
- A new folder called
repo
is made - It is initialized as a Git repository
- A remote named
origin
is created, pointing to the URL you cloned from - All of the repository's files and commits are downloaded there
- The default branch is checked out
For every branch foo
in the remote repository, a corresponding remote-tracking branch
refs/remotes/origin/foo
is created in your local repository. You can usually abbreviate
such remote-tracking branch names to origin/foo
.
Fetching changes from a remote repository
Use git fetch
to retrieve new work done by other people. Fetching from a repository grabs all the new remote-tracking branches and tags without merging those changes into your own branches.
If you already have a local repository with a remote URL set up for the desired project, you can grab all the new information by using git fetch *remotename*
in the terminal:
$ git fetch remotename
# Fetches updates made to a remote repository
Otherwise, you can always add a new remote and then fetch.
Merging changes into your local branch
Merging combines your local changes with changes made by others.
Typically, you'd merge a remote-tracking branch (i.e., a branch fetched from a remote repository) with your local branch:
$ git merge remotename/branchname
# Merges updates made online with your local work
Pulling changes from a remote repository
git pull
is a convenient shortcut for completing both git fetch
and git merge
in the same command:
$ git pull remotename branchname
# Grabs online updates and merges them with your local work
Because pull
performs a merge on the retrieved changes, you should ensure that
your local work is committed before running the pull
command. If you run into
a merge conflict
you cannot resolve, or if you decide to quit the merge, you can use git merge --abort
to take the branch back to where it was in before you pulled.