Understanding GitHub Actions

Overview

GitHub Actions は、ビルド、テスト、デプロイのパイプラインを自動化できる継続的インテグレーションと継続的デリバリー (CI/CD) のプラットフォー� です。 You can create workflows that build and test every pull request to your repository, or deploy merged pull requests to production.

GitHub Actions goes beyond just DevOps and lets you run workflows when other events happen in your repository. For example, you can run a workflow to automatically add the appropriate labels whenever someone creates a new issue in your repository.

You must host your own Linux, Windows, or macOS virtual machines to run workflows for your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. セルフホステッド ランナーは、物理または仮想にでき、コンテナー内、オンプレミス、またはクラウドに配置できます。

For more information about introducing GitHub Actions to your enterprise, see "Introducing GitHub Actions to your enterprise."

The components of GitHub Actions

You can configure a GitHub Actions workflow to be triggered when an event occurs in your repository, such as a pull request being opened or an issue being created. Your workflow contains one or more jobs which can run in sequential order or in parallel. Each job will run inside its own virtual machine runner, or inside a container, and has one or more steps that either run a script that you define or run an action, which is a reusable extension that can simplify your workflow.

Workflows

ワークフローは、1 つ以上のジョブを実行する構成可能な自動化プロセスです。 ワークフローは、リポジトリにチェックインされる YAML ファイルによって定義され、リポジトリ内のイベントによってトリガーされたときに実行されます。また、手動でトリガーしたり、定義されたスケジュールでトリガーしたりすることもできます。

ワークフローはリポジトリ内の .github/workflows ディレクトリで定義され、リポジトリには複数のワークフローを含めることができます。各ワークフローは、それぞれ異なる一連のタスクを実行できます。 たとえば、あるワークフローでは、pull request をビルドしてテストし、別のワークフローでは、リリースが作成されるたびにアプリケーションをデプロイし、さらに別のワークフローでは、新しい issue が開かれるたびにラベルを追� することができます。

For more information about workflows, see "Using workflows."

Events

An event is a specific activity in a repository that triggers a workflow run. For example, activity can originate from GitHub when someone creates a pull request, opens an issue, or pushes a commit to a repository. You can also trigger a workflow run on a schedule, by posting to a REST API, or manually.

For a complete list of events that can be used to trigger workflows, see Events that trigger workflows.

Jobs

A job is a set of steps in a workflow that execute on the same runner. Each step is either a shell script that will be executed, or an action that will be run. Steps are executed in order and are dependent on each other. Since each step is executed on the same runner, you can share data from one step to another. For example, you can have a step that builds your application followed by a step that tests the application that was built.

You can configure a job's dependencies with other jobs; by default, jobs have no dependencies and run in parallel with each other. When a job takes a dependency on another job, it will wait for the dependent job to complete before it can run. For example, you may have multiple build jobs for different architectures that have no dependencies, and a packaging job that is dependent on those jobs. The build jobs will run in parallel, and when they have all completed successfully, the packaging job will run.

For more information about jobs, see "Using jobs."

Actions

An action is a custom application for the GitHub Actions platform that performs a complex but frequently repeated task. Use an action to help reduce the amount of repetitive code that you write in your workflow files. An action can pull your git repository from GitHub, set up the correct toolchain for your build environment, or set up the authentication to your cloud provider.

You can write your own actions, or you can find actions to use in your workflows in the GitHub Marketplace.

For more information, see "Creating actions."

Runners

ランナーは、ワークフローがトリガーされると実行されるサーバーです。 Each runner can run a single job at a time. You must host your own runners for GitHub Enterprise Server. For more information, see "Hosting your own runners."

Create an example workflow

GitHub Actions uses YAML syntax to define the workflow. Each workflow is stored as a separate YAML file in your code repository, in a directory named .github/workflows.

You can create an example workflow in your repository that automatically triggers a series of commands whenever code is pushed. In this workflow, GitHub Actions checks out the pushed code, installs the bats testing framework, and runs a basic command to output the bats version: bats -v.

1. In your repository, create the .github/workflows/ directory to store your workflow files.

2. In the .github/workflows/ directory, create a new file called learn-github-actions.yml and add the following code.

   YAML

   name: learn-github-actions
   on: [push]
   jobs:
     check-bats-version:
       runs-on: ubuntu-latest
       steps:
         - uses: actions/checkout@v2
         - uses: actions/setup-node@v2
           with:
             node-version: '14'
         - run: npm install -g bats
         - run: bats -v

3. Commit these changes and push them to your GitHub repository.

Your new GitHub Actions workflow file is now installed in your repository and will run automatically each time someone pushes a change to the repository. To see the details about a workflow's execution history, see "Viewing the activity for a workflow run."

Understanding the workflow file

To help you understand how YAML syntax is used to create a workflow file, this section explains each line of the introduction's example:

name: learn-github-actions

on: [push]

jobs:

check-bats-version:

  runs-on: ubuntu-latest

  steps:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v2

    - uses: actions/setup-node@v2
      with:
        node-version: '14'

    - run: npm install -g bats

    - run: bats -v

Visualizing the workflow file

In this diagram, you can see the workflow file you just created and how the GitHub Actions components are organized in a hierarchy. Each step executes a single action or shell script. Steps 1 and 2 run actions, while steps 3 and 4 run shell scripts. To find more prebuilt actions for your workflows, see "Finding and customizing actions."

Viewing the activity for a workflow run

When your workflow is triggered, a workflow run is created that executes the workflow. After a workflow run has started, you can see a visualization graph of the run's progress and view each step's activity on GitHub.

1. On your GitHub Enterprise Server instance, navigate to the main page of the repository.

2. Under your repository name, click Actions.

   

3. In the left sidebar, click the workflow you want to see.

   

4. Under "Workflow runs", click the name of the run you want to see.

   

5. Under Jobs or in the visualization graph, click the job you want to see.

   

6. View the results of each step.

   

Next steps

GitHub Actions can help you automate nearly every aspect of your application development processes. Ready to get started? Here are some helpful resources for taking your next steps with GitHub Actions:

• For continuous integration (CI) workflows to build and test your code, see "Automating builds and tests."
• For building and publishing packages, see "Publishing packages."
• For deploying projects, see "Deployment."
• For automating tasks and processes on GitHub, see "Managing issues and pull requests."
• For examples that demonstrate more complex features of GitHub Actions, including many of the above use cases, see "Examples." You can see detailed examples that explain how to test your code on a runner, access the GitHub CLI, and use advanced features such as concurrency and test matrices.

Contacting support

構文、GitHub ホスト ランナー、アクションの構築など、ワークフローの構成に関して何か支援が必要な� �合は、GitHub Community の GitHub Actions および GitHub Packages カテゴリで既存のトピックを探してみるか、新しいトピックを開始してく� さい。

GitHub Actionsについてのフィードバックもしくは機能リクエストがあるなら、それらをGitHub Actions に関する GitHub コミュニティのディスカッションで共有してく� さい。

あなたの利用方法、もしくは意図する利用方法が利用制限のカテゴリに当てはまるかどうかに関わらず、以下のいずれかの� �合はサイト管理者に連絡してく� さい。

• アカウントに間違った制約が課されていると思われる� �合
• いずれかのアクションを実行すると予期しないエラーが発生する� �合
• 既存の動作が期待される、た� し必ずしもドキュメント化されてはいない動作と矛盾するような状況に遭遇した� �合

Further reading

• "About GitHub Actions for enterprises"