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Getting started with the REST API

Learn how to use the GitHub REST API.

About the GitHub REST API

This article describes how to use the GitHub REST API using GitHub CLI, JavaScript, or cURL. For a quickstart guide, see "Quickstart for GitHub REST API."

When you make a request to the REST API, you will specify an HTTP method and a path. Additionally, you might also specify request headers and path, query, or body parameters. The API will return the response status code, response headers, and potentially a response body.

The REST API reference documentation describes the HTTP method, path, and parameters for every operation. It also displays example requests and responses for each operation. For more information, see the REST reference documentation.

For more information about GitHub's APIs, see "About GitHub's APIs."

Making a request

To make a request, first find the HTTP method and the path for the operation that you want to use. For example, the "Get Octocat" operation uses the GET method and the /octocat path. For the full reference documentation for this operation, see "Get Octocat."

Note: You must install GitHub CLI in order to use the commands in the GitHub CLI examples. For installation instructions, see the GitHub CLI repository.

If you are not already authenticated to GitHub CLI, you must use the gh auth login subcommand to authenticate before making any requests. For more information, see "Authenticating."

To make a request using GitHub CLI, use the api subcommand along with the path. Use the --method or -X flag to specify the method.

gh api /octocat --method GET

Note: You must install and import octokit in order to use the Octokit.js library used in the JavaScript examples. For more information, see the Octokit.js README.

To make a request using JavaScript, you can use Octokit.js. For more information, see the Octokit.js README.

First, create an instance of Octokit. Set the base URL to http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3. Replace [hostname] with the name of your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.

const octokit = new Octokit({ 
  baseUrl: "http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3",
});

Then, use the request method to make requests. Pass the HTTP method and path as the first argument.

await octokit.request("GET /octocat", {});

Prepend the base URL for the GitHub REST API, http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3, to the path to get the full URL: http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3/octocat. Replace [hostname] with the name of your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.

Use the curl command in your command line. Use the --request or -X flag followed by the HTTP method. Use the --url flag followed by the full URL.

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/octocat"

Note: If you get a message similar to "command not found: curl", you may need to download and install cURL. For more information, see the cURL project download page.

Continue reading to learn how to authenticate, send parameters, and use the response.

Authenticating

Many operations require authentication or return additional information if you are authenticated. Additionally, you can make more requests per hour when you are authenticated.

Although some REST API operations are accessible without authentication, you must authenticate to GitHub CLI in order to use the api subcommand.

About tokens

You can authenticate your request by adding a token.

If you want to use the GitHub REST API for personal use, you can create a personal access token. The REST API operations used in this article require repo scope for personal access tokens. Other operations may require different scopes. For more information about creating a personal access token, see "Creating a personal access token."

If you want to use the API on behalf of an organization or another user, GitHub recommends that you use a GitHub App. If an operation is available to GitHub Apps, the REST reference documentation for that operation will say "Works with GitHub Apps." The REST API operations used in this article require issues read and write permissions for GitHub Apps. Other operations may require different permissions. For more information, see "Creating a GitHub App", "Authenticating with GitHub Apps, and "Identifying and authorizing users for GitHub Apps."

If you want to use the API in a GitHub Actions workflow, GitHub recommends that you authenticate with the built-in GITHUB_TOKEN instead of creating a token. You can grant permissions to the GITHUB_TOKEN with the permissions key. For more information, see "Automatic token authentication."

Authentication example

With GitHub CLI, you don't need to create an access token in advance. Use the auth login subcommand to authenticate to GitHub CLI:

gh auth login

You can use the --scopes flag to specify what scopes you want. If you want to authenticate with a token that you created, you can use the --with-token flag. For more information, see the GitHub CLI auth login documentation.

Warning: Treat your access token like a password.

To keep your token secure, you can store your token as a secret and run your script through GitHub Actions. For more information, see "Encrypted secrets."

If these options are not possible, consider using another service such as the 1Password CLI to store your token securely.

To authenticate with the Octokit.js library, you can pass your token when you create an instance of Octokit. Replace YOUR-TOKEN with your token. Replace [hostname] with the name of your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.

const octokit = new Octokit({ 
  baseUrl: "http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3",
  auth: 'YOUR-TOKEN',
});

Warning: Treat your access token like a password.

To help keep your account secure, you can use GitHub CLI instead of cURL. GitHub CLI will take care of authentication for you. For more information, see the GitHub CLI version of this page.

If these options are not possible, consider using another service such as the 1Password CLI to store your token securely.

With cURL, you will send an Authorization header with your token. Replace YOUR-TOKEN with your token:

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/octocat" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN"

Note: Na maioria dos casos, você pode usar Authorization: Bearer ou Authorization: token a fim de passar um token. No entanto, se estiver passando um JWT (token Web JSON), você deverá usar Authorization: Bearer.

Authentication example for GitHub Actions

You can also use the run keyword to execute GitHub CLI commands in your GitHub Actions workflows. For more information, see "Workflow syntax for GitHub Actions."

Instead of using the gh auth login command, pass your token as an environment variable called GH_TOKEN. GitHub recommends that you authenticate with the built-in GITHUB_TOKEN instead of creating a token. If this is not possible, store your token as a secret and replace GITHUB_TOKEN in the example below with the name of your secret. For more information about GITHUB_TOKEN, see "Automatic token authentication." For more information about secrets, see "Encrypted secrets."

jobs:
  use_api:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        run: |
          gh api /octocat

You can also use the run keyword to execute your JavaScript scripts in your GitHub Actions workflows. For more information, see "Workflow syntax for GitHub Actions."

GitHub recommends that you authenticate with the built-in GITHUB_TOKEN instead of creating a token. If this is not possible, store your token as a secret and replace GITHUB_TOKEN in the example below with the name of your secret. For more information about GITHUB_TOKEN, see "Automatic token authentication." For more information about secrets, see "Encrypted secrets."

The following example workflow:

  1. Checks out the repository content
  2. Sets up Node.js
  3. Installs octokit
  4. Stores the value of GITHUB_TOKEN as an environment variable called TOKEN and runs .github/actions-scripts/use-the-api.mjs, which can access that environment variable as process.env.TOKEN

Example workflow:

on:
  workflow_dispatch:
jobs:
  use_api_via_script:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - name: Check out repo content
        uses: actions/checkout@v2

      - name: Setup Node
        uses: actions/setup-node@v2
        with:
          node-version: '16.17.0'
          cache: npm

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm install octokit

      - name: Run script
        env:
          TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        run: |
          node .github/actions-scripts/use-the-api.mjs

Example JavaScript script, with the file path .github/actions-scripts/use-the-api.mjs:

import { Octokit } from "octokit";

const octokit = new Octokit({ 
  baseUrl: "http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3",
  auth: process.env.TOKEN,
});

await octokit.request("GET /octocat", {});

Instead of storing your script in a separate file and executing the script from your workflow, you can use the actions/github-script action to run a script. For more information, see the actions/github-script README.

jobs:
  use_api_via_script:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/github-script@v5
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          script: |
            await github.request('GET /octocat', {})

You can also use the run keyword to execute cURL commands in your GitHub Actions workflows. For more information, see "Workflow syntax for GitHub Actions."

GitHub recommends that you authenticate with the built-in GITHUB_TOKEN instead of creating a token. If this is not possible, store your token as a secret and replace GITHUB_TOKEN in the example below with the name of your secret. For more information about GITHUB_TOKEN, see "Automatic token authentication." For more information about secrets, see "Encrypted secrets."

jobs:
  use_api:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        run: |
          curl --request GET \
          --url "https://api.github.com/octocat" \
          --header "Authorization: Bearer $GH_TOKEN"

Using headers

Most operations specify that you should pass an Accept header with a value of application/vnd.github+json. Other operations may specify that you should send a different Accept header or additional headers.

To send a header with GitHub CLI, use the --header or -H flag followed by the header in key: value format.

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method GET /octocat

The Octokit.js library automatically passes the Accept: application/vnd.github+json header. To pass additional headers or a different Accept header, add a headers property to the object that is passed as a second argument to the request method. The value of the headers property is an object with the header names as keys and header values as values. For example, to send a content-type header with a value of text/plain:

await octokit.request("GET /octocat", {
  headers: {
    "content-type": "text/plain",
  },
});

To send a header with cURL, use the --header or -H flag followed by the header in key: value format.

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/octocat" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN"

Using path parameters

Path parameters modify the operation path. For example, the "List repository issues" path is /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues. The curly brackets {} denote path parameters that you need to specify. In this case, you must specify the repository owner and name. For the reference documentation for this operation, see "List repository issues."

Note: In order for this command to work for your GitHub Enterprise Server instance, replace octocat/Spoon-Knife with a repository owned by your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. Otherwise, rerun the gh auth login command to authenticate to GitHub.com instead of your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.

To get issues from the octocat/Spoon-Knife repository, replace {owner} with octocat and {repo} with Spoon-Knife.

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method GET /repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues

Note: In order for this example to work for your GitHub Enterprise Server instance, replace octocat/Spoon-Knife with a repository owned by your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. Otherwise, create a new Octokit instance and do not specify baseURL.

When you make a request with Octokit.js, all parameters, including path parameters, are passed in an object as the second argument to the request method. To get issues from the octocat/Spoon-Knife repository, specify owner as octocat and repo as Spoon-Knife.

await octokit.request("GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", {
  owner: "octocat",
  repo: "Spoon-Knife"
});

To get issues from the octocat/Spoon-Knife repository, replace {owner} with octocat and {repo} with Spoon-Knife. To build the full path, prepend the base URL for the GitHub REST API, https://api.github.com: https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues.

Note: If you want to use your GitHub Enterprise Server instance instead of GitHub.com, use http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/v3 instead of https://api.github.com and replace [hostname] with the name of your GitHub Enterprise Server instance. Replace octocat/Spoon-Knife with a repository owned by your GitHub Enterprise Server instance.

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN"

The operation returns a list of issues and data about each issue. For more information about using the response, see the "Using the response" section.

Using query parameters

Query parameters allow you to control what data is returned for a request. For example, a query parameter may let you specify how many items are returned when the response is paginated.

By default, the "List repository issues" operation returns thirty issues, sorted in descending order by the date they were created. You can use the per_page parameter to return two issues instead of 30. You can use the sort parameter to sort the issues by the date they were last updated instead of by the date they were created. You can use the direction parameter to sort the results in ascending order instead of descending order.

For GitHub CLI, use the -F flag to pass a parameter that is a number, Boolean, or null. Use -f to pass string parameters.

Note: GitHub CLI does not currently accept parameters that are arrays. For more information, see this issue.

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method GET /repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues -F per_page=2 -f sort=updated -f direction=asc

When you make a request with Octokit.js, all parameters, including query parameters, are passed in an object as the second argument to the request method.

await octokit.request("GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", {
  owner: "octocat",
  repo: "Spoon-Knife",
  per_page: 2,
  sort: "updated",
  direction: "asc",
});

For cURL, add a ? to the end of the path, then append your query parameter name and value in the form parameter_name=value. Separate multiple query parameters with &.

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues?per_page=2&sort=updated&direction=asc" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN"

The operation returns a list of issues and data about each issue. For more information about using the response, see the "Using the response" section.

Using body parameters

Body parameters allow you to pass additional data to the API. For example, the "Create an issue" operation requires you to specify a title for the new issue. It also lets you specify other information, such as text to put in the issue body. For the full reference documentation for this operation, see "Create an issue."

The "Create an issue" operation uses the same path as the "List repository issues" operation in the examples above, but it uses a POST method instead of a GET method.

For GitHub CLI, use the -F flag to pass a parameter that is a number, Boolean, or null. Use -f to pass string parameters.

Note: GitHub CLI does not currently accept parameters that are arrays. For more information, see this issue.

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method POST /repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues -f title="Created with the REST API" -f body="This is a test issue created by the REST API"

When you make a request with Octokit.js, all parameters, including body parameters, are passed in an object as the second argument to the request method.

await octokit.request("POST /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", {
  owner: "octocat",
  repo: "Spoon-Knife",
  title: "Created with the REST API",
  body: "This is a test issue created by the REST API",
});

For cURL, use the --data flag to pass the body parameters in a JSON object.

curl --request POST \
--url "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN" \
--data '{
  "title": "Created with the REST API",
  "body": "This is a test issue created by the REST API"
}'

The operation creates an issue and returns data about the new issue. In the response, find the html_url of your issue and navigate to your issue in the browser. For more information about using the response, see the "Using the response" section.

Using the response

About the response code and headers

Every request will return an HTTP status code that indicates the success of the response. For more information about response codes, see the MDN HTTP response status code documentation.

Additionally, the response will include headers that give more details about the response. Headers that start with X- or x- are custom to GitHub. For example, the x-ratelimit-remaining and x-ratelimit-reset headers tell you how many requests you can make in a time period.

To view the status code and headers, use the --include or --i flag when you send your request.

For example, this request:

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method GET /repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues -F per_page=2 --include

returns the response code and headers like:

HTTP/2.0 200 OK
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Expose-Headers: ETag, Link, Location, Retry-After, X-GitHub-OTP, X-RateLimit-Limit, X-RateLimit-Remaining, X-RateLimit-Used, X-RateLimit-Resource, X-RateLimit-Reset, X-OAuth-Scopes, X-Accepted-OAuth-Scopes, X-Poll-Interval, X-GitHub-Media-Type, X-GitHub-SSO, X-GitHub-Request-Id, Deprecation, Sunset
Cache-Control: private, max-age=60, s-maxage=60
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'none'
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Date: Thu, 04 Aug 2022 19:56:41 GMT
Etag: W/"a63dfbcfdb73621e9d2e89551edcf9856731ced534bd7f1e114a5da1f5f73418"
Link: ; rel="next", ; rel="last"
Referrer-Policy: origin-when-cross-origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin
Server: GitHub.com
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload
Vary: Accept, Authorization, Cookie, X-GitHub-OTP, Accept-Encoding, Accept, X-Requested-With
X-Accepted-Oauth-Scopes: repo
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: deny
X-Github-Api-Version-Selected: 2022-08-09
X-Github-Media-Type: github.v3; format=json
X-Github-Request-Id: 1C73:26D4:E2E500:1EF78F4:62EC2479
X-Oauth-Client-Id: 178c6fc778ccc68e1d6a
X-Oauth-Scopes: gist, read:org, repo, workflow
X-Ratelimit-Limit: 15000
X-Ratelimit-Remaining: 14996
X-Ratelimit-Reset: 1659645499
X-Ratelimit-Resource: core
X-Ratelimit-Used: 4
X-Xss-Protection: 0

In this example, the response code is 200, which indicates a successful request.

When you make a request with Octokit.js, the request method returns a promise. If the request was successful, the promise resolves to an object that includes the HTTP status code of the response (status) and the response headers (headers). If an error occurs, the promise resolves to an object that includes the HTTP status code of the response (status) and the response headers (response.headers).

You can use a try/catch block to catch an error if it occurs. For example, if the request in the following script is successful, the script will log the status code and the value of the x-ratelimit-remaining header. If the request was not successful, the script will log the status code, the value of the x-ratelimit-remaining header, and the error message.

try {
  const result = await octokit.request("GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", {
    owner: "octocat",
    repo: "Spoon-Knife",
    per_page: 2,
  });

  console.log(`Success! Status: ${result.status}. Rate limit remaining: ${result.headers["x-ratelimit-remaining"]}`)

} catch (error) {
  console.log(`Error! Status: ${error.status}. Rate limit remaining: ${error.headers["x-ratelimit-remaining"]}. Message: ${error.response.data.message}`)
}

To view the status code and headers, use the --include or --i flag when you send your request.

For example, this request:

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues?per_page=2" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN" \
--include

returns the response code and headers like:

HTTP/2 200
server: GitHub.com
date: Thu, 04 Aug 2022 20:07:51 GMT
content-type: application/json; charset=utf-8
cache-control: public, max-age=60, s-maxage=60
vary: Accept, Accept-Encoding, Accept, X-Requested-With
etag: W/"7fceb7e8c958d3ec4d02524b042578dcc7b282192e6c939070f4a70390962e18"
x-github-media-type: github.v3; format=json
link: ; rel="next", ; rel="last"
access-control-expose-headers: ETag, Link, Location, Retry-After, X-GitHub-OTP, X-RateLimit-Limit, X-RateLimit-Remaining, X-RateLimit-Used, X-RateLimit-Resource, X-RateLimit-Reset, X-OAuth-Scopes, X-Accepted-OAuth-Scopes, X-Poll-Interval, X-GitHub-Media-Type, X-GitHub-SSO, X-GitHub-Request-Id, Deprecation, Sunset
access-control-allow-origin: *
strict-transport-security: max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload
x-frame-options: deny
x-content-type-options: nosniff
x-xss-protection: 0
referrer-policy: origin-when-cross-origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin
content-security-policy: default-src 'none'
x-ratelimit-limit: 15000
x-ratelimit-remaining: 14996
x-ratelimit-reset: 1659645535
x-ratelimit-resource: core
x-ratelimit-used: 4
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 4936
x-github-request-id: 14E0:4BC6:F1B8BA:208E317:62EC2715

In this example, the response code is 200, which indicates a successful request.

About the response body

Many operations will return a response body. Unless otherwise specified, the response body is in JSON format. For example, this request returns a list of issues with data about each issue:

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method GET /repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues -F per_page=2
await octokit.request("GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", {
  owner: "octocat",
  repo: "Spoon-Knife",
  per_page: 2,
});
curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues?per_page=2" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN"

Unlike the GraphQL API where you specify what information you want, the REST API typically returns more information than you need. If desired, you can parse the response to pull out specific pieces of information.

For example, you can use > to redirect the response to a file:

gh api --header 'Accept: application/vnd.github+json' --method GET /repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues -F per_page=2 > data.json

Then you can use jq to get the title and author ID of each issue:

jq '.[] | {title: .title, authorID: .user.id}' data.json

The previous two commands return something like:

{
  "title": "Update index.html",
  "authorID": 10701255
}
{
  "title": "Edit index file",
  "authorID": 53709285
}

For more information about jq, see the jq documentation and jq play.

For example, you can get the title and author ID of each issue:

try {
  const result = await octokit.request("GET /repos/{owner}/{repo}/issues", {
    owner: "octocat",
    repo: "Spoon-Knife",
    per_page: 2,
  });

  const titleAndAuthor = result.data.map(issue => {title: issue.title, authorID: issue.user.id})

  console.log(titleAndAuthor)

} catch (error) {
  console.log(`Error! Status: ${error.status}. Message: ${error.response.data.message}`)
}

For example, you can use > to redirect the response to a file:

curl --request GET \
--url "https://api.github.com/repos/octocat/Spoon-Knife/issues?per_page=2" \
--header "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
--header "Authorization: Bearer YOUR-TOKEN" > data.json

Then you can use jq to get the title and author ID of each issue:

jq '.[] | {title: .title, authorID: .user.id}' data.json

The previous two commands return something like:

{
  "title": "Update index.html",
  "authorID": 10701255
}
{
  "title": "Edit index file",
  "authorID": 53709285
}

For more information about jq, see the jq documentation and jq play.

Next steps

This article demonstrated how to list and create issues in a repository. For more practice, try to comment on an issue, edit the title of an issue, or close an issue. For more information about these operations, see "Create an issue comment" and "Update an issue."

For more information about the operations that you can use, see the REST reference documentation.