Generating a new SSH key and adding it to the ssh-agent

After you've checked for existing SSH keys, you can generate a new SSH key to use for authentication, then add it to the ssh-agent.

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About SSH key passphrases

You can access and write data in repositories on GitHub using SSH (Secure Shell Protocol). When you connect via SSH, you authenticate using a private key file on your local machine. For more information, see About SSH.

When you generate an SSH key, you can add a passphrase to further secure the key. Whenever you use the key, you must enter the passphrase. If your key has a passphrase and you don't want to enter the passphrase every time you use the key, you can add your key to the SSH agent. The SSH agent manages your SSH keys and remembers your passphrase.

If you don't already have an SSH key, you must generate a new SSH key to use for authentication. If you're unsure whether you already have an SSH key, you can check for existing keys. For more information, see Checking for existing SSH keys.

If you want to use a hardware security key to authenticate to GitHub, you must generate a new SSH key for your hardware security key. You must connect your hardware security key to your computer when you authenticate with the key pair. For more information, see the OpenSSH 8.2 release notes.

Generating a new SSH key

You can generate a new SSH key on your local machine. After you generate the key, you can add the public key to your account on GitHub.com to enable authentication for Git operations over SSH.

Note

GitHub improved security by dropping older, insecure key types on March 15, 2022.

As of that date, DSA keys (ssh-dss) are no longer supported. You cannot add new DSA keys to your personal account on GitHub.

RSA keys (ssh-rsa) with a valid_after before November 2, 2021 may continue to use any signature algorithm. RSA keys generated after that date must use a SHA-2 signature algorithm. Some older clients may need to be upgraded in order to use SHA-2 signatures.

  1. Open TerminalTerminalGit Bash.

  2. Paste the text below, replacing the email used in the example with your GitHub email address.

    ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com"

    Note

    If you are using a legacy system that doesn't support the Ed25519 algorithm, use:

    ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com"

    This creates a new SSH key, using the provided email as a label.

    > Generating public/private ALGORITHM key pair.

    When you're prompted to "Enter a file in which to save the key", you can press Enter to accept the default file location. Please note that if you created SSH keys previously, ssh-keygen may ask you to rewrite another key, in which case we recommend creating a custom-named SSH key. To do so, type the default file location and replace id_ALGORITHM with your custom key name.

    > Enter a file in which to save the key (/Users/YOU/.ssh/id_ALGORITHM): [Press enter]

    > Enter file in which to save the key (/c/Users/YOU/.ssh/id_ALGORITHM):[Press enter]

    > Enter a file in which to save the key (/home/YOU/.ssh/id_ALGORITHM):[Press enter]

  3. At the prompt, type a secure passphrase. For more information, see Working with SSH key passphrases.

    > Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): [Type a passphrase]
> Enter same passphrase again: [Type passphrase again]

Adding your SSH key to the ssh-agent

Before adding a new SSH key to the ssh-agent to manage your keys, you should have checked for existing SSH keys and generated a new SSH key. When adding your SSH key to the agent, use the default macOS ssh-add command, and not an application installed by macports, homebrew, or some other external source.

  1. Start the ssh-agent in the background.

    $ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
> Agent pid 59566

    Depending on your environment, you may need to use a different command. For example, you may need to use root access by running sudo -s -H before starting the ssh-agent, or you may need to use exec ssh-agent bash or exec ssh-agent zsh to run the ssh-agent.

  2. If you're using macOS Sierra 10.12.2 or later, you will need to modify your ~/.ssh/config file to automatically load keys into the ssh-agent and store passphrases in your keychain.

    • First, check to see if your ~/.ssh/config file exists in the default location.

      $ open ~/.ssh/config
> The file /Users/YOU/.ssh/config does not exist.

    • If the file doesn't exist, create the file.

      touch ~/.ssh/config

    • Open your ~/.ssh/config file, then modify the file to contain the following lines. If your SSH key file has a different name or path than the example code, modify the filename or path to match your current setup.

      Text
      Host github.com
  AddKeysToAgent yes
  UseKeychain yes
  IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

      Note

      • If you chose not to add a passphrase to your key, you should omit the UseKeychain line.
      • If you see a Bad configuration option: usekeychain error, add an additional line to the configuration's' Host *.github.com section.
      Text
      Host github.com
  IgnoreUnknown UseKeychain

  3. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent and store your passphrase in the keychain. If you created your key with a different name, or if you are adding an existing key that has a different name, replace id_ed25519 in the command with the name of your private key file.

    ssh-add --apple-use-keychain ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

    Note

    The --apple-use-keychain option stores the passphrase in your keychain for you when you add an SSH key to the ssh-agent. If you chose not to add a passphrase to your key, run the command without the --apple-use-keychain option.

    The --apple-use-keychain option is in Apple's standard version of ssh-add. In macOS versions prior to Monterey (12.0), the --apple-use-keychain and --apple-load-keychain flags used the syntax -K and -A, respectively.

    If you don't have Apple's standard version of ssh-add installed, you may receive an error. For more information, see Error: ssh-add: illegal option -- apple-use-keychain.

    If you continue to be prompted for your passphrase, you may need to add the command to your ~/.zshrc file (or your ~/.bashrc file for bash).

  4. Add the SSH public key to your account on GitHub. For more information, see Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account.

If you have GitHub Desktop installed, you can use it to clone repositories and not deal with SSH keys.

  1. In a new admin elevated PowerShell window, ensure the ssh-agent is running. You can use the "Auto-launching the ssh-agent" instructions in Working with SSH key passphrases, or start it manually:

    # start the ssh-agent in the background
Get-Service -Name ssh-agent | Set-Service -StartupType Manual
Start-Service ssh-agent

  2. In a terminal window without elevated permissions, add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent. If you created your key with a different name, or if you are adding an existing key that has a different name, replace id_ed25519 in the command with the name of your private key file.

    ssh-add c:/Users/YOU/.ssh/id_ed25519

  3. Add the SSH public key to your account on GitHub. For more information, see Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account.

  1. Start the ssh-agent in the background.

    $ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
> Agent pid 59566

    Depending on your environment, you may need to use a different command. For example, you may need to use root access by running sudo -s -H before starting the ssh-agent, or you may need to use exec ssh-agent bash or exec ssh-agent zsh to run the ssh-agent.

  2. Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent.

    If you created your key with a different name, or if you are adding an existing key that has a different name, replace id_ed25519 in the command with the name of your private key file.

    ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

  3. Add the SSH public key to your account on GitHub. For more information, see Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account.

Generating a new SSH key for a hardware security key

If you are using macOS or Linux, you may need to update your SSH client or install a new SSH client prior to generating a new SSH key. For more information, see Error: Unknown key type.

  1. Insert your hardware security key into your computer.

  2. Open TerminalTerminalGit Bash.

  3. Paste the text below, replacing the email address in the example with the email address associated with your account on GitHub.

    ssh-keygen -t ed25519-sk -C "your_email@example.com"

    ssh-keygen -t ed25519-sk -C "your_email@example.com"

    ssh-keygen -t ed25519-sk -C "your_email@example.com"

    Note

    If the command fails and you receive the error invalid format or feature not supported, you may be using a hardware security key that does not support the Ed25519 algorithm. Enter the following command instead.

    ssh-keygen -t ecdsa-sk -C "your_email@example.com"

  4. When you are prompted, touch the button on your hardware security key.

  5. When you are prompted to "Enter a file in which to save the key," press Enter to accept the default file location.

    > Enter a file in which to save the key (/Users/YOU/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk): [Press enter]

    > Enter a file in which to save the key (c:\Users\YOU\.ssh\id_ed25519_sk):[Press enter]

    > Enter a file in which to save the key (/home/YOU/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk):[Press enter]

  6. When you are prompted to type a passphrase, press Enter.

    > Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): [Type a passphrase]
> Enter same passphrase again: [Type passphrase again]

  7. Add the SSH public key to your account on GitHub. For more information, see Adding a new SSH key to your GitHub account.