Forming calls with GraphQL

Authenticating with GraphQL

You can authenticate to the GraphQL API using a personal access token, GitHub App, or OAuth app.

Authenticating with a personal access token

To authenticate with a personal access token, follow the steps in "Managing your personal access tokens." The data that you are requesting will dictate which scopes or permissions you will need. For example, select the "issues:read" permission to read all of the issues in the repos your token has access to.

All fine-grained personal access tokens include read access to public repositories. To access public repositories with a personal access token, select the "public_repo" scope.

If your token does not have the required scopes or permissions to access a resource, the API will return an error message that states the scopes or permissions your token needs.

Authenticating with a GitHub App

If you want to use the API on behalf of an organization or another user, GitHub recommends that you use a GitHub App. In order to attribute activity to your app, you can make your app authenticate as an app installation. In order to attribute app activity to a user, you can make your app authenticate on behalf of a user. In both cases, you will generate a token that you can use to authenticate to the GraphQL API. For more information, see "Registering a GitHub App" and "About authentication with a GitHub App."

Authenticating with a OAuth app

To authenticate with an OAuth token from an OAuth app, you must first authorize your OAuth app using either a web application flow or device flow. Then, you can use the access token that you received to access the API. For more information, see "Creating an OAuth app" and " Authorizing OAuth Apps."

The GraphQL endpoint

The REST API has numerous endpoints; the GraphQL API has a single endpoint:

http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/graphql

The endpoint remains constant no matter what operation you perform.

Communicating with GraphQL

Because GraphQL operations consist of multiline JSON, GitHub recommends using the Explorer to make GraphQL calls. You can also use curl or any other HTTP-speaking library.

In REST, HTTP verbs determine the operation performed. In GraphQL, you'll provide a JSON-encoded body whether you're performing a query or a mutation, so the HTTP verb is POST. The exception is an introspection query, which is a simple GET to the endpoint. For more information on GraphQL versus REST, see "Migrating from REST to GraphQL."

To query GraphQL in a curl command, make a POST request with a JSON payload. The payload must contain a string called query:

curl -H "Authorization: bearer TOKEN" -X POST -d " \
 { \
   \"query\": \"query { viewer { login }}\" \
 } \
" http(s)://HOSTNAME/api/graphql

About query and mutation operations

The two types of allowed operations in GitHub's GraphQL API are queries and mutations. Comparing GraphQL to REST, queries operate like GET requests, while mutations operate like POST/PATCH/DELETE. The mutation name determines which modification is executed.

For information about rate limiting, see "Resource limitations."

Queries and mutations share similar forms, with some important differences.

About queries

GraphQL queries return only the data you specify. To form a query, you must specify fields within fields (also known as nested subfields) until you return only scalars.

Queries are structured like this:

query {
  JSON-OBJECT-TO-RETURN
}

For a real-world example, see "Example query."

About mutations

To form a mutation, you must specify three things:

1. Mutation name. The type of modification you want to perform.
2. Input object. The data you want to send to the server, composed of input fields. Pass it as an argument to the mutation name.
3. Payload object. The data you want to return from the server, composed of return fields. Pass it as the body of the mutation name.

Mutations are structured like this:

mutation {
  MUTATION-NAME(input: {MUTATION-NAME-INPUT!}) {
    MUTATION-NAME-PAYLOAD
  }
}

The input object in this example is MutationNameInput, and the payload object is MutationNamePayload.

In the mutations reference, the listed input fields are what you pass as the input object. The listed return fields are what you pass as the payload object.

For a real-world example, see "Example mutation."

Working with variables

Variables can make queries more dynamic and powerful, and they can reduce complexity when passing mutation input objects.

Here's an example query with a single variable:

query($number_of_repos:Int!) {
  viewer {
    name
     repositories(last: $number_of_repos) {
       nodes {
         name
       }
     }
   }
}
variables {
   "number_of_repos": 3
}

There are three steps to using variables:

1. Define the variable outside the operation in a variables object:

   variables {
      "number_of_repos": 3
   }
   

   The object must be valid JSON. This example shows a simple Int variable type, but it's possible to define more complex variable types, such as input objects. You can also define multiple variables here.

2. Pass the variable to the operation as an argument:

   query($number_of_repos:Int!){
   

   The argument is a key-value pair, where the key is the name starting with $ (e.g., $number_of_repos), and the value is the type (e.g., Int). Add a ! to indicate whether the type is required. If you've defined multiple variables, include them here as multiple arguments.

3. Use the variable within the operation:

   repositories(last: $number_of_repos) {
   

   In this example, we substitute the variable for the number of repositories to retrieve. We specify a type in step 2 because GraphQL enforces strong typing.

This process makes the query argument dynamic. We can now simply change the value in the variables object and keep the rest of the query the same.

Using variables as arguments lets you dynamically update values in the variables object without changing the query.

Example query

Let's walk through a more complex query and put this information in context.

The following query looks up the octocat/Hello-World repository, finds the 20 most recent closed issues, and returns each issue's title, URL, and first 5 labels:

query {
  repository(owner:"octocat", name:"Hello-World") {
    issues(last:20, states:CLOSED) {
      edges {
        node {
          title
          url
          labels(first:5) {
            edges {
              node {
                name
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Looking at the composition line by line:

• query {

  Because we want to read data from the server, not modify it, query is the root operation. (If you don't specify an operation, query is also the default.)

• repository(owner:"octocat", name:"Hello-World") {

  To begin the query, we want to find a repository object. The schema validation indicates this object requires an owner and a name argument.

• issues(last:20, states:CLOSED) {

  To account for all issues in the repository, we call the issues object. (We could query a single issue on a repository, but that would require us to know the number of the issue we want to return and provide it as an argument.)

  Some details about the issues object:

  • The docs tell us this object has the type IssueConnection.
  • Schema validation indicates this object requires a last or first number of results as an argument, so we provide 20.
  • The docs also tell us this object accepts a states argument, which is an IssueState enum that accepts OPEN or CLOSED values. To find only closed issues, we give the states key a value of CLOSED.

• edges {

  We know issues is a connection because it has the IssueConnection type. To retrieve data about individual issues, we have to access the node via edges.

• node {

  Here we retrieve the node at the end of the edge. The IssueConnection docs indicate the node at the end of the IssueConnection type is an Issue object.

• Now that we know we're retrieving an Issue object, we can look at the docs and specify the fields we want to return:

  title
  url
  labels(first:5) {
    edges {
      node {
        name
      }
    }
  }
  

  Here we specify the title, url, and labels fields of the Issue object.

  The labels field has the type LabelConnection. As with the issues object, because labels is a connection, we must travel its edges to a connected node: the label object. At the node, we can specify the label object fields we want to return, in this case, name.

You may notice that running this query on the Octocat's public Hello-World repository won't return many labels. Try running it on one of your own repositories that does use labels, and you'll likely see a difference.

Example mutation

Mutations often require information that you can only find out by performing a query first. This example shows two operations:

1. A query to get an issue ID.
2. A mutation to add an emoji reaction to the issue.

query FindIssueID {
  repository(owner:"octocat", name:"Hello-World") {
    issue(number:349) {
      id
    }
  }
}

mutation AddReactionToIssue {
  addReaction(input:{subjectId:"MDU6SXNzdWUyMzEzOTE1NTE=",content:HOORAY}) {
    reaction {
      content
    }
    subject {
      id
    }
  }
}

Let's walk through the example. The task sounds simple: add an emoji reaction to an issue.

So how do we know to begin with a query? We don't, yet.

Because we want to modify data on the server (attach an emoji to an issue), we begin by searching the schema for a helpful mutation. The reference docs show the addReaction mutation, with this description: Adds a reaction to a subject. Perfect!

The docs for the mutation list three input fields:

• clientMutationId (String)
• subjectId (ID!)
• content (ReactionContent!)

The !s indicate that subjectId and content are required fields. A required content makes sense: we want to add a reaction, so we'll need to specify which emoji to use.

But why is subjectId required? It's because the subjectId is the only way to identify which issue in which repository to react to.

This is why we start this example with a query: to get the ID.

Let's examine the query line by line:

• query FindIssueID {

  Here we're performing a query, and we name it FindIssueID. Note that naming a query is optional; we give it a name here so that we can include it in same Explorer window as the mutation.

• repository(owner:"octocat", name:"Hello-World") {

  We specify the repository by querying the repository object and passing owner and name arguments.

• issue(number:349) {

  We specify the issue to react to by querying the issue object and passing a number argument.

• id

  This is where we retrieve the id of https://github.com/octocat/Hello-World/issues/349 to pass as the subjectId.

When we run the query, we get the id: MDU6SXNzdWUyMzEzOTE1NTE=

With the ID known, we can proceed with the mutation:

• mutation AddReactionToIssue {

  Here we're performing a mutation, and we name it AddReactionToIssue. As with queries, naming a mutation is optional; we give it a name here so we can include it in the same Explorer window as the query.

• addReaction(input:{subjectId:"MDU6SXNzdWUyMzEzOTE1NTE=",content:HOORAY}) {

  Let's examine this line:

  • addReaction is the name of the mutation.

  • input is the required argument key. This will always be input for a mutation.

  • {subjectId:"MDU6SXNzdWUyMzEzOTE1NTE=",content:HOORAY} is the required argument value. This will always be an input object (hence the curly braces) composed of input fields (subjectId and content in this case) for a mutation.

    How do we know which value to use for the content? The addReaction docs tell us the content field has the type ReactionContent, which is an enum because only certain emoji reactions are supported on GitHub issues. These are the allowed values for reactions (note some values differ from their corresponding emoji names):

    Content	Emoji
    +1	👍
    -1	👎
    laugh	😄
    confused	😕
    heart	❤️
    hooray	🎉
    rocket	🚀
    eyes	👀

• The rest of the call is composed of the payload object. This is where we specify the data we want the server to return after we've performed the mutation. These lines come from the addReaction docs, which three possible return fields:

  • clientMutationId (String)
  • reaction (Reaction!)
  • subject (Reactable!)

  In this example, we return the two required fields (reaction and subject), both of which have required subfields (respectively, content and id).

When we run the mutation, this is the response:

{
  "data": {
    "addReaction": {
      "reaction": {
        "content": "HOORAY"
      },
      "subject": {
        "id": "MDU6SXNzdWUyMTc5NTQ0OTc="
      }
    }
  }
}

That's it! Check out your reaction to the issue by hovering over the 🎉 to find your username.

One final note: when you pass multiple fields in an input object, the syntax can get unwieldy. Moving the fields into a variable can help. Here's how you could rewrite the original mutation using a variable:

mutation($myVar:AddReactionInput!) {
  addReaction(input:$myVar) {
    reaction {
      content
    }
    subject {
      id
    }
  }
}
variables {
  "myVar": {
    "subjectId":"MDU6SXNzdWUyMTc5NTQ0OTc=",
    "content":"HOORAY"
  }
}

Further reading

There is a lot more you can do when forming GraphQL calls. Here are some places to look next:

• Pagination
• Fragments
• Inline fragments
• Directives