Introduction
In this guide, you'll learn about the basic components needed to create and use a packaged JavaScript action. To focus this guide on the components needed to package the action, the functionality of the action's code is minimal. The action prints "Hello World" in the logs or "Hello [who-to-greet]" if you provide a custom name.
This guide uses the GitHub Actions Toolkit Node.js module to speed up development. For more information, see the actions/toolkit repository.
Once you complete this project, you should understand how to build your own JavaScript action and test it in a workflow.
To ensure your JavaScript actions are compatible with all GitHub-hosted runners (Ubuntu, Windows, and macOS), the packaged JavaScript code you write should be pure JavaScript and not rely on other binaries. JavaScript actions run directly on the runner and use binaries that already exist in the runner image.
Warning
When creating workflows and actions, you should always consider whether your code might execute untrusted input from possible attackers. Certain contexts should be treated as untrusted input, as an attacker could insert their own malicious content. For more information, see "Security hardening for GitHub Actions."
Prerequisites
Before you begin, you'll need to download Node.js and create a public GitHub repository.
-
Download and install Node.js 20.x, which includes npm.
-
Create a new public repository on GitHub and call it "hello-world-javascript-action". For more information, see Creating a new repository.
-
Clone your repository to your computer. For more information, see Cloning a repository.
-
From your terminal, change directories into your new repository.
Shell cd hello-world-javascript-action
cd hello-world-javascript-action
-
From your terminal, initialize the directory with npm to generate a
package.json
file.Shell npm init -y
npm init -y
Creating an action metadata file
Create a new file named action.yml
in the hello-world-javascript-action
directory with the following example code. For more information, see Metadata syntax for GitHub Actions.
name: 'Hello World' description: 'Greet someone and record the time' inputs: who-to-greet: # id of input description: 'Who to greet' required: true default: 'World' outputs: time: # id of output description: 'The time we greeted you' runs: using: 'node20' main: 'index.js'
name: 'Hello World'
description: 'Greet someone and record the time'
inputs:
who-to-greet: # id of input
description: 'Who to greet'
required: true
default: 'World'
outputs:
time: # id of output
description: 'The time we greeted you'
runs:
using: 'node20'
main: 'index.js'
This file defines the who-to-greet
input and time
output. It also tells the action runner how to start running this JavaScript action.
Adding actions toolkit packages
The actions toolkit is a collection of Node.js packages that allow you to quickly build JavaScript actions with more consistency.
The toolkit @actions/core
package provides an interface to the workflow commands, input and output variables, exit statuses, and debug messages.
The toolkit also offers a @actions/github
package that returns an authenticated Octokit REST client and access to GitHub Actions contexts.
The toolkit offers more than the core
and github
packages. For more information, see the actions/toolkit repository.
At your terminal, install the actions toolkit core
and github
packages.
npm install @actions/core npm install @actions/github
npm install @actions/core
npm install @actions/github
Now you should see a node_modules
directory with the modules you just installed and a package-lock.json
file with the installed module dependencies and the versions of each installed module.
Writing the action code
This action uses the toolkit to get the who-to-greet
input variable required in the action's metadata file and prints "Hello [who-to-greet]" in a debug message in the log. Next, the script gets the current time and sets it as an output variable that actions running later in a job can use.
GitHub Actions provide context information about the webhook event, Git refs, workflow, action, and the person who triggered the workflow. To access the context information, you can use the github
package. The action you'll write will print the webhook event payload to the log.
Add a new file called index.js
, with the following code.
const core = require('@actions/core'); const github = require('@actions/github'); try { // `who-to-greet` input defined in action metadata file const nameToGreet = core.getInput('who-to-greet'); console.log(`Hello ${nameToGreet}!`); const time = (new Date()).toTimeString(); core.setOutput("time", time); // Get the JSON webhook payload for the event that triggered the workflow const payload = JSON.stringify(github.context.payload, undefined, 2) console.log(`The event payload: ${payload}`); } catch (error) { core.setFailed(error.message); }
const core = require('@actions/core');
const github = require('@actions/github');
try {
// `who-to-greet` input defined in action metadata file
const nameToGreet = core.getInput('who-to-greet');
console.log(`Hello ${nameToGreet}!`);
const time = (new Date()).toTimeString();
core.setOutput("time", time);
// Get the JSON webhook payload for the event that triggered the workflow
const payload = JSON.stringify(github.context.payload, undefined, 2)
console.log(`The event payload: ${payload}`);
} catch (error) {
core.setFailed(error.message);
}
If an error is thrown in the above index.js
example, core.setFailed(error.message);
uses the actions toolkit @actions/core
package to log a message and set a failing exit code. For more information, see Setting exit codes for actions.
Creating a README
To let people know how to use your action, you can create a README file. A README is most helpful when you plan to share your action publicly, but is also a great way to remind you or your team how to use the action.
In your hello-world-javascript-action
directory, create a README.md
file that specifies the following information:
- A detailed description of what the action does.
- Required input and output arguments.
- Optional input and output arguments.
- Secrets the action uses.
- Environment variables the action uses.
- An example of how to use your action in a workflow.
# Hello world javascript action This action prints "Hello World" or "Hello" + the name of a person to greet to the log. ## Inputs ### `who-to-greet` **Required** The name of the person to greet. Default `"World"`. ## Outputs ### `time` The time we greeted you. ## Example usage ```yaml uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@e76147da8e5c81eaf017dede5645551d4b94427b with: who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat' ```
# Hello world javascript action
This action prints "Hello World" or "Hello" + the name of a person to greet to the log.
## Inputs
### `who-to-greet`
**Required** The name of the person to greet. Default `"World"`.
## Outputs
### `time`
The time we greeted you.
## Example usage
```yaml
uses: actions/hello-world-javascript-action@e76147da8e5c81eaf017dede5645551d4b94427b
with:
who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
```
Commit, tag, and push your action to GitHub
GitHub downloads each action run in a workflow during runtime and executes it as a complete package of code before you can use workflow commands like run
to interact with the runner machine. This means you must include any package dependencies required to run the JavaScript code. You'll need to check in the toolkit core
and github
packages to your action's repository.
From your terminal, commit your action.yml
, index.js
, node_modules
, package.json
, package-lock.json
, and README.md
files. If you added a .gitignore
file that lists node_modules
, you'll need to remove that line to commit the node_modules
directory.
It's best practice to also add a version tag for releases of your action. For more information on versioning your action, see About custom actions.
git add action.yml index.js node_modules/* package.json package-lock.json README.md git commit -m "My first action is ready" git tag -a -m "My first action release" v1.1 git push --follow-tags
git add action.yml index.js node_modules/* package.json package-lock.json README.md
git commit -m "My first action is ready"
git tag -a -m "My first action release" v1.1
git push --follow-tags
Checking in your node_modules
directory can cause problems. As an alternative, you can use a tool called @vercel/ncc
to compile your code and modules into one file used for distribution.
-
Install
vercel/ncc
by running this command in your terminal.npm i -g @vercel/ncc
-
Compile your
index.js
file.ncc build index.js --license licenses.txt
You'll see a new
dist/index.js
file with your code and the compiled modules. You will also see an accompanyingdist/licenses.txt
file containing all the licenses of thenode_modules
you are using. -
Change the
main
keyword in youraction.yml
file to use the newdist/index.js
file.main: 'dist/index.js'
-
If you already checked in your
node_modules
directory, remove it.rm -rf node_modules/*
-
From your terminal, commit the updates to your
action.yml
,dist/index.js
, andnode_modules
files.Shell git add action.yml dist/index.js node_modules/* git commit -m "Use vercel/ncc" git tag -a -m "My first action release" v1.1 git push --follow-tags
git add action.yml dist/index.js node_modules/* git commit -m "Use vercel/ncc" git tag -a -m "My first action release" v1.1 git push --follow-tags
Testing out your action in a workflow
Now you're ready to test your action out in a workflow.
Public actions can be used by workflows in any repository. When an action is in a private repository, the repository settings dictate whether the action is available only within the same repository or also to other repositories owned by the same user or organization. For more information, see Managing GitHub Actions settings for a repository.
Example using a public action
This example demonstrates how your new public action can be run from within an external repository.
Copy the following YAML into a new file at .github/workflows/main.yml
, and update the uses: octocat/hello-world-javascript-action@1a2b3c4d5e6f7a8b9c0d1e2f3a4b5c6d7e8f9a0b
line with your username and the name of the public repository you created above. You can also replace the who-to-greet
input with your name.
on: [push] jobs: hello_world_job: runs-on: ubuntu-latest name: A job to say hello steps: - name: Hello world action step id: hello uses: octocat/hello-world-javascript-action@1a2b3c4d5e6f7a8b9c0d1e2f3a4b5c6d7e8f9a0b with: who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat' # Use the output from the `hello` step - name: Get the output time run: echo "The time was ${{ steps.hello.outputs.time }}"
on: [push]
jobs:
hello_world_job:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
name: A job to say hello
steps:
- name: Hello world action step
id: hello
uses: octocat/hello-world-javascript-action@1a2b3c4d5e6f7a8b9c0d1e2f3a4b5c6d7e8f9a0b
with:
who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
# Use the output from the `hello` step
- name: Get the output time
run: echo "The time was ${{ steps.hello.outputs.time }}"
When this workflow is triggered, the runner will download the hello-world-javascript-action
action from your public repository and then execute it.
Example using a private action
Copy the workflow code into a .github/workflows/main.yml
file in your action's repository. You can also replace the who-to-greet
input with your name.
.github/workflows/main.yml
on: [push] jobs: hello_world_job: runs-on: ubuntu-latest name: A job to say hello steps: # To use this repository's private action, # you must check out the repository - name: Checkout uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Hello world action step uses: ./ # Uses an action in the root directory id: hello with: who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat' # Use the output from the `hello` step - name: Get the output time run: echo "The time was ${{ steps.hello.outputs.time }}"
on: [push]
jobs:
hello_world_job:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
name: A job to say hello
steps:
# To use this repository's private action,
# you must check out the repository
- name: Checkout
uses: actions/checkout@v4
- name: Hello world action step
uses: ./ # Uses an action in the root directory
id: hello
with:
who-to-greet: 'Mona the Octocat'
# Use the output from the `hello` step
- name: Get the output time
run: echo "The time was ${{ steps.hello.outputs.time }}"
From your repository, click the Actions tab, and select the latest workflow run. Under Jobs or in the visualization graph, click A job to say hello.
Click Hello world action step, and you should see "Hello Mona the Octocat" or the name you used for the who-to-greet
input printed in the log. To see the timestamp, click Get the output time.
Template repositories for creating JavaScript actions
GitHub provides template repositories for creating JavaScript and TypeScript actions. You can use these templates to quickly get started with creating a new action that includes tests, linting, and other recommended practices.
Example JavaScript actions on GitHub.com
You can find many examples of JavaScript actions on GitHub.com.